Biology : Pattern of Heredity (End)

In this post I will discuss more about the genetics. So far we have discussed the Mendel's Law and Deviations intercede. So this time I will discuss further on the Application of Genetics in the life science and Some Genetic Diseases known to solving tips Genetics with Fast and Right.

Links and Move Cross
Links and Jump Cross is also regarded as a deviation of Law Moot Mendel. The reason is the number of genes far more with the number of chromosomes. For example Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes that have more than 40,000 genes. Therefore, many of the genes in each chromosome. Two chromosomes on homologous chromosomes carry one allele for each gene. Homologous chromosomes with alleles that are therein experiencing separation during meiosis independently according to Mendel's Law of Segregation. In contrast, alleles of different genes located on the same chromosome do not follow Mendel's law of segregation II Freely. Genes are experiencing Links. Links are the terms on which a gene is not genetic berpiasah freely. Links can occur in the genital and chromosome non-sex chromosomes.

Autosomal link
Link events observed intensively observed by Thomas Hunt Morgan with media Fruit Flies (Drosophilla melanogaster). Fruit flies are used because they are easy to breed and have a short generation time. Morgan discovered a white-eyed male fruit flies and winged wrinkles which he considers to be a mutant. Morgan considers this as a recessive mutant flies that carried out a test among females wildype Cross (wild) with a white-eyed males winged wrinkles. Morgan expects a comparison between wildtype: vestiglal gray: black normal: mutant = 1: 1: 1: 1, but the results are far from expectations Morgan.

Gonosomal link
After Morgan discovered a white-eyed male fruit flies, he marry at a red-eyed female fruit flies. The result in all the F1 red-eyed offspring. Then F1 allowed to marry each other. The results showed that all red-eyed female fruit fly and a half of white male fruit flies with phenotype ratio of 3: 1 The interesting thing about this experiment is the white eye color is only found in male fruit flies. Morgan drew the conclusion that the white eye gene is X chromosome linked

sex-linked genes are genes that are located on the sex chromosomes and the nature of the induced genes on this chromosome derived along with gender. Sex chromosome consisting of chromosomes X and Y. Women have XX chromosome composition and arrangement Males have XY chromosomes. Between the X chromosome and the Y chromosome are homologous and non-homologous parts. Part homologous on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome is the part where X and Y have the same arrangement of genes. As for the non-homologous on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome is the part where between X and Y is absolutely no similarity in the composition of genes. Genes link is divided into 2 types, namely Imperfect Genes linked (X chromosome linked gene) and Perfect Genes Linked (Linked Gen Y chromosome).

X Chromosome Genes Linked
X Chromosome Genes Linked called link is not perfect because the female sex chromosome composition XX law giving rise to dominance and recessive traits are determined by genes linked Hence X chromosome, usually the X chromosome linked trait commonly expressed by-The entrepreneurs men. For example, color blindness and hemophilia

Gen Y Chromosome Linked
Gen Y Chromosome Linked called perfect link. Y chromosome linked gene and the properties of the resulting so-called holandrik nature, meaning they can only be derived trait in men. Genes on the Y chromosome is very rare and will only be lowered if lowered in men. Examples are Hyperthrichosis (hair growing in the ear canal).

moving Cross
Crossing over is the event peetukaran a chromatid genes with genes homologous chromatids. usually occurs in Prophase phase in cell division.

To determine the percentage of used Crossover Formula

Classification of Human Blood.

1) ABO System

Case example:

A Mother's blood group AB blood group married to a heterozygous father. What is the percentage of children who will be born with blood group B?

P1: IAIB> <IAI
G: IA, IB> <IA, i

<Sorry, Can not Published Photos>

F1: IAIA, IAI, IAIB, IBI

B = 25%

2) MN System

3) Rhesus System

A study says that almost all Asians have Rh + phenotype while 90% Europeans have Rhesus phenotypes -. Therefore, marriage between men and women is difficult to conceive of Europe due to disorder, commonly called Erythroblastosis fetalis.

Sex determination

Human - Male = 44 + XY
               - Women = 44 + XX
Insects - Males = 22 + X
                - Females = 22 + XX
Aves - Males = 38 + ZZ
                - Females = 38 + ZW
Bees - Males = Haploid (16)
                - Females = diploid (32)

Type Abnormalities and Genetic Disease

Autosomal recessive
- Albino = no skin pigment (melanin)
- Sickle Cell = The sickle-shaped red blood cells
- Cystic Fibrosis = absence of protein channels for chloride ion pathway leading to mucus in the respiratory
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) = The lack of an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine that accumulate in the body and result in mental retardation
- Galactosemia = absence of an enzyme that breaks Galactose-1-phosphate into glucose-1-phosphate so that galactose accumulate in the body and can cause mental retardation
- Thalassemia = Form of abnormal blood cells and lead to anemia
- Xeroderma pigmentosum disorder = pigment in the skin that lead to skin cancer

Autosomal dominant
- Achondroplasia = abnormal growth of cartilage that causes stunted
- Braktidaktili = Shortening of finger segments
- Polidaktili = Growth radius excess
- Hungtinton = degeneration of the nervous system that is fast and irreversible
- Progeria = Premature aging

Linked recessive X chromosome
-Buta Color
-Ichtyosis = Steroid sulfatase enzyme deficiency, causing dry and rough skin
-Distrofi Muscle protein dystrophin = deficiency that causes muscle degeneration and mental retardation
Difficult -Hemofilia = Blood clot and trigger severe bleeding

Number of Chromosome Aberration
- Normal XYY = no symptoms and can only be detected by karyotype Compilation
- = Down Syndrome, mental retardation, heart defects and sterile
- = Sterile Klinefelter Syndrome, mental retardation, female secondary sex characteristics Appear
- Turner Syndrome = Sterile
Structure of Chromosome Aberration
- Cri Du Chat Syndrome = mental retardation and abnormal shape of the larynx

Okay, that was the in-depth discussion on Genetics. Because hard enough to enter a number of media genetics. I opened up the opportunity for readers to ask about genetics to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. And do not forget tomorrow I will hold Biology Quiz 2 Prepare yourself and Regards Biology !!!