Hello Bloggers !
Thanks for waiting, I so busy now but somehow I have a small times to see this blog. For Now, I will open the chance to you all to Ask everything about biology to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. I will send the Answer as fast as posibble. I will choose some Good question to showed in my First VLOG (Video Blog). Stay tuned ! This Request end at 1 September 2014. So fast send me your question!
Hallo Bloggers !
Terima kasih telah menunggu, Saya tengah sibuk sekali tapi entah mengapa saya masih memiliki sedikit waktu untuk membuka blog ini. Saya membuka kesempatan untuk kalian semua bertanya apa saja mengenai Biologi ke parawangsaa@yahoo.com. Saya akan segera menjawab pertanyaan yang kamu berikan. Saya akan memilih beberapa Pertanyaan bagus untuk ditampilkan dalam VLOG (Video Blog) Pertama saya. Kesempatan ini berakhir pada tanggal 1 September 2014. Jadi tunggu apa lagi segera kirimkan Pertanyaanmu !
Kamis, 21 Agustus 2014
Sabtu, 09 Agustus 2014
Sorry
Hello Bloggers !
I'm very sorry that I didn't write Any post soon. Because of the Many Exam and many busyness. Once Again I say Sorry to you all my loyal Reader.
For The Quiz. I will only post the Result if The Sender of The Answer is 3 or More. Until 9 August 2014, There are only 1 Answer are sent to my E-mail. For you that hadn't Send Me yet, Please Send your answer of Quiz Biology 2 to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. I'm Waiting !
I'm very sorry that I didn't write Any post soon. Because of the Many Exam and many busyness. Once Again I say Sorry to you all my loyal Reader.
For The Quiz. I will only post the Result if The Sender of The Answer is 3 or More. Until 9 August 2014, There are only 1 Answer are sent to my E-mail. For you that hadn't Send Me yet, Please Send your answer of Quiz Biology 2 to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. I'm Waiting !
Senin, 04 Agustus 2014
Biology : Virus
Hello everybody ! Welcome to my blog again ! So glad to see you again. Before we start for new topic, you might to fill the Quiz Biology 2 about Genetics. Please send your answer to parawangsaa@yahoo.com in .docx format. Until 4 August 2014, there's no sender for the Quiz Biology 2 so don't miss the chance to improve your skills on Biology.
Okay, Let's We Start ! Now we talk about Virus. What is Virus? Virus is the living things that only can exist with the help of Host. The Virus can live everywhere, both Procaryote and Eucaryote. But, some scientist says that Virus is not a Living Things. They said that Virus is more suitable to be Grouped as a Particle that contain Genetic Substances. Virus is taken from Latin Language that mean Poison.
History Of Virus
The history of Virus began on 1883 that a Scientist from Germany, Adolf Mayer, doing a research about the cause of Mosaic Disease on the Tobacco. He Extract the leaf of tobacco mosaic disease and spray it to the healthy tobacco. After a couple of day the Healthy tobacco become Infected. But Mayer can't see anything in the leaf extration on the microscope. But Mayer still assume that this disease are caused by Bacteria.
Then in 1892, a Scientist of Russia, Dmitri Iwanowski repeat the experiment done by Meyer. The difference is only that Dmitri filter the leaf extract with the filter in such way so Bacteria can't pass it. The result is surprising, The healthy tobacco become sick too. Iwanowski assume that he doing mistake in his experiment. But Six years later a Scientist of Holland, Martinus W. Beijerinick, make sure that Dmitri didn't make any mistake in his experiment. Martinus said that The Mosaic disease is caused by filtrable virus. He said that because the vector can pass the Bacteria Filter and can't be seen in the Light Microscope. along with the invention of the Electron Microscope, Now The "Virus" can be seen.
Charateristic of Virus
The size of virus is vary from 25 - 300 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m) The smallest virus that known is Poliovirus, the virus that caused Polio Disease. It size is only 25 nm and the biggest Virus that known is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) that cause the Mosaic Disesase in Tobacco plant. Commonly virus have 4 common shape. In the Helix Shape, Polyhidris Shape, Complex and Viral Envelope.
Sturcutre And Function
Virus isn't a Cell (aseluler). Virus is a particle named virion. Virion can be crystallize so virus is more likely as mineral than living cell. As long as virus is a virion, it doesn't have cytoplasm, plasma membrane and Nukleus. Virus only have Nuclei Acid and Protein Coat.
Nuclei Acid
Mostly Virus have RNA. But it's still possible that Virus Have DNA.
Protein Coat (Capsid)
Capsid is made of the protein subunit called Capsomer. Capsid is also act as skeleton of the virus.
Reproduction of Virus
Virus have an ability that only living cell can do it. Virus can multiply itself, But need a help from a host than this process will broke up the cell. Hereby the process of Virus Reproduction.
Virus Type
Bacteria Virus
The virus that the host is a bacteria. The Bacteria virus is also known as Bacteriophage. Example. Bacteriophage T4 that having E.coli as a host.
Plant Virus
The virus that the host is a plant cell. Mostly the Plant virus only have RNA Nuclei Acid. The example is TMV that caused Mosaic Disease in Tobacco Plantts
Eucaryote Microorganism Virus
The virus that the host is an eucaryote cell but only can seen by Microscope. The example is Mycovirus that infected Fungi
Animal Virus
The virus that the host is an animal cell / human cell. Animal virus mostly have DNA Nuclei Acid. The Example is Rabies in the Canis Genus.
The Advantage of Virus.
Virus in our life isn't always harm us. Virus Can be act as Gene Agent for human interest. Example in Producing Pestisides or Producing Medicines.
Virus that Harming Human
The Harming Virus
Mostly virus are harm for our life. Here's the list of Harming Virus :
- Influenza Virus
Influenza virus is the virus that Caused Influenza. If the patient is ignored, that can be lead to Acute Respiratory Syndrome or in Indonesia commonly said ISPA. The symptomps are fever, cold, headache, backache, and coughing. Influenza is quiet tough to cure because the Mutation speed are very high.
- HIV (Human Immunodificiency Virus)
HIV is the Retrovirus that break down our immune system by attacking The T-helper Cell. Until now there has been no Medicine that stong enough to beat HIV because HIV is hiding in the T-Helper cell.
-Hepatitis Virus
Hepatitis Virus is the virus that caused Hepatitis B. This virus attacking the liver cell so lead to yellow fever and abdominal disorders.
-Ebola Virus
Ebola virus is the virus that caused Ebola Disease that grew up in the Continent of Africa. The Symptomps is the fever with severe bleeding that can lead to Dead.
-Measles Virus
Measles Virus is the Virus that causes Measles. This virus attack skin cell and causes early symptomps like fever, coughing, cold, than appear Measles wound from the face until to every part of the body.
-Polio Virus
Polio Virus is the virus that causes Polio. Polio Virus attacked Nerve cell that lead to paralyzed. Many Public figure that was suffer this Disease ex. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The 26th President of USA.
- Mumps Virus
Mumps virus is the virus that Causes Mumps. Mumps is the disorder in the saliva gland that lead to oedema at the behind of the ears.
- Herpes Simplex Virus
This virus causes Herpes. Herpes is the disease that attacked skin cell and Mucus membrane on the mouth that cause flushed skin and appear nodule that like blister
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
HPV is the virus that causes Herpes. Herpes is the disease that attacked skin cell and grow to cancer cell. The symptoms is the nodule in the skin
Virus that harm Animal
- Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) that caused tumours in the chicken
-Newcastle Disease that causes tetelo in the chicken
-Rhabdovirus, that caused rabies in Canis Genus with symptomps scared of water, big anxiousity, lost the control of the muscle and more Aggresive
Virus that Harm Plants
-Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) that caused Mosaic disease that inhibited the growth of the plants and appearing spotting on the Tobacco leaves.
-Citrus leprosis Virus (CiLV) that causes inhibition in the Orange plants
Prevention against Virus attack
-Immunization when still baby
The list of the immunization
1)OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
2)Rabies Vaccine
3)Hepatitis Vaccine
4)Influenza Vaccine
5) Mumps, Measles, Rubella Vaccine
Okay, That's all about Virus, if you have any questions, feel free to ask to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. I'm Waiting ! See ya Guys !!!
Okay, Let's We Start ! Now we talk about Virus. What is Virus? Virus is the living things that only can exist with the help of Host. The Virus can live everywhere, both Procaryote and Eucaryote. But, some scientist says that Virus is not a Living Things. They said that Virus is more suitable to be Grouped as a Particle that contain Genetic Substances. Virus is taken from Latin Language that mean Poison.
History Of Virus
The history of Virus began on 1883 that a Scientist from Germany, Adolf Mayer, doing a research about the cause of Mosaic Disease on the Tobacco. He Extract the leaf of tobacco mosaic disease and spray it to the healthy tobacco. After a couple of day the Healthy tobacco become Infected. But Mayer can't see anything in the leaf extration on the microscope. But Mayer still assume that this disease are caused by Bacteria.
Then in 1892, a Scientist of Russia, Dmitri Iwanowski repeat the experiment done by Meyer. The difference is only that Dmitri filter the leaf extract with the filter in such way so Bacteria can't pass it. The result is surprising, The healthy tobacco become sick too. Iwanowski assume that he doing mistake in his experiment. But Six years later a Scientist of Holland, Martinus W. Beijerinick, make sure that Dmitri didn't make any mistake in his experiment. Martinus said that The Mosaic disease is caused by filtrable virus. He said that because the vector can pass the Bacteria Filter and can't be seen in the Light Microscope. along with the invention of the Electron Microscope, Now The "Virus" can be seen.
Charateristic of Virus
The size of virus is vary from 25 - 300 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m) The smallest virus that known is Poliovirus, the virus that caused Polio Disease. It size is only 25 nm and the biggest Virus that known is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) that cause the Mosaic Disesase in Tobacco plant. Commonly virus have 4 common shape. In the Helix Shape, Polyhidris Shape, Complex and Viral Envelope.
Sturcutre And Function
Virus isn't a Cell (aseluler). Virus is a particle named virion. Virion can be crystallize so virus is more likely as mineral than living cell. As long as virus is a virion, it doesn't have cytoplasm, plasma membrane and Nukleus. Virus only have Nuclei Acid and Protein Coat.
Nuclei Acid
Mostly Virus have RNA. But it's still possible that Virus Have DNA.
Protein Coat (Capsid)
Capsid is made of the protein subunit called Capsomer. Capsid is also act as skeleton of the virus.
Reproduction of Virus
Virus have an ability that only living cell can do it. Virus can multiply itself, But need a help from a host than this process will broke up the cell. Hereby the process of Virus Reproduction.
Virus Type
Bacteria Virus
The virus that the host is a bacteria. The Bacteria virus is also known as Bacteriophage. Example. Bacteriophage T4 that having E.coli as a host.
Plant Virus
The virus that the host is a plant cell. Mostly the Plant virus only have RNA Nuclei Acid. The example is TMV that caused Mosaic Disease in Tobacco Plantts
Eucaryote Microorganism Virus
The virus that the host is an eucaryote cell but only can seen by Microscope. The example is Mycovirus that infected Fungi
Animal Virus
The virus that the host is an animal cell / human cell. Animal virus mostly have DNA Nuclei Acid. The Example is Rabies in the Canis Genus.
The Advantage of Virus.
Virus in our life isn't always harm us. Virus Can be act as Gene Agent for human interest. Example in Producing Pestisides or Producing Medicines.
Virus that Harming Human
The Harming Virus
Mostly virus are harm for our life. Here's the list of Harming Virus :
- Influenza Virus
Influenza virus is the virus that Caused Influenza. If the patient is ignored, that can be lead to Acute Respiratory Syndrome or in Indonesia commonly said ISPA. The symptomps are fever, cold, headache, backache, and coughing. Influenza is quiet tough to cure because the Mutation speed are very high.
- HIV (Human Immunodificiency Virus)
HIV is the Retrovirus that break down our immune system by attacking The T-helper Cell. Until now there has been no Medicine that stong enough to beat HIV because HIV is hiding in the T-Helper cell.
-Hepatitis Virus
Hepatitis Virus is the virus that caused Hepatitis B. This virus attacking the liver cell so lead to yellow fever and abdominal disorders.
-Ebola Virus
Ebola virus is the virus that caused Ebola Disease that grew up in the Continent of Africa. The Symptomps is the fever with severe bleeding that can lead to Dead.
-Measles Virus
Measles Virus is the Virus that causes Measles. This virus attack skin cell and causes early symptomps like fever, coughing, cold, than appear Measles wound from the face until to every part of the body.
-Polio Virus
Polio Virus is the virus that causes Polio. Polio Virus attacked Nerve cell that lead to paralyzed. Many Public figure that was suffer this Disease ex. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The 26th President of USA.
- Mumps Virus
Mumps virus is the virus that Causes Mumps. Mumps is the disorder in the saliva gland that lead to oedema at the behind of the ears.
- Herpes Simplex Virus
This virus causes Herpes. Herpes is the disease that attacked skin cell and Mucus membrane on the mouth that cause flushed skin and appear nodule that like blister
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
HPV is the virus that causes Herpes. Herpes is the disease that attacked skin cell and grow to cancer cell. The symptoms is the nodule in the skin
Virus that harm Animal
- Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) that caused tumours in the chicken
-Newcastle Disease that causes tetelo in the chicken
-Rhabdovirus, that caused rabies in Canis Genus with symptomps scared of water, big anxiousity, lost the control of the muscle and more Aggresive
Virus that Harm Plants
-Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) that caused Mosaic disease that inhibited the growth of the plants and appearing spotting on the Tobacco leaves.
-Citrus leprosis Virus (CiLV) that causes inhibition in the Orange plants
Prevention against Virus attack
-Immunization when still baby
The list of the immunization
1)OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
2)Rabies Vaccine
3)Hepatitis Vaccine
4)Influenza Vaccine
5) Mumps, Measles, Rubella Vaccine
Okay, That's all about Virus, if you have any questions, feel free to ask to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. I'm Waiting ! See ya Guys !!!
Jumat, 01 Agustus 2014
Quiz Biology 2
Hello everybody! Now After discuss about Genetics let's we doing some quiz. This Quiz is contain 10 Essay Question. Before fill this quiz, I remind you to read about Pattern of Heredity (1-End) so you can fill it easily. Note that in the left side written a number, that's your score if you can answer correctly. If the explanation is not complete, i will reduce the score so be careful. Good Luck!
1. Ali was interested in Genetic so he began with 2 Plants those are one species but have different color. Ali polinate Red Flower with White Flower pollen and The white flower is polinate by Red Flower Pollen. Then The seeds are planted. If the all F1 is have Red Flower, Then,
(7) a. Draw the Diagram of the Process
(3) b. This Crossing process called _____ crossing, because ______
(12) 2. Fill The blank!
The Person who discover first about inheritance is named ______ . He using _____ to run his experiment. The reason why he use that is ________ and _______ . The crosses that he doing is _________ crosses. Because he ________.
3. A farmer have 2 type of seeds of mango. Sour and small seeds (SSbb) and Sweet and big seeds (ssBB) if there known Sour Type are dominant than sweet and Big seeds are dominant than small seeds. Then two seeds are crossed, So,
(6) a. Known that customer like Sweet and big seeds mango, Count the percentage of the F2 that are Sweet and have big seeds!
(3) b. If known the Fruit produced by F2 is 1000 pieces, Count the fruit that are sweet and have a big seeds!
(3) c. If a piece of mango that are sweet are 2 $ , Count the money that can he get from selling the sweet manggo.
(12) 4. Jane have two rabbits, The male dark grey one (Cch) and the female light grey one (CchCh) if the rabbit are mated, Then draw the diagram from P until F1 !
(4) 5. The Mendel Law apparent deviation that appearing new character if the 2 Dominant Gene was interact is ....
6. Two Pumpkins plant , the White one (PPKK) and the green one (ppkk) . If known that P gene are epistatic (covering character) than K and F2 are produce 160 pieces of pumpkins, Then
(8) a. Draw the Diagram of the crosses
(3) b. What of the kind of the Mendel Law apparent Deviation?
(5) c. Count How much the white pumpkin in F2 !
(10) 7. A woman have blood type A heterozygote married A man with blood type B heterozygote. Draw the diagram and Count the percentage that their child is A blood type, B, O, and AB !!!
(12) 8. Please Explain why happen "Erythroblastosis Fetalis" incident and at least mention 2 solution for this incident!!
(10) 9. A carrier woman for color blind gene married with A normal man. If they have 3 son, what is the probabillity that one of the son is a sufferer of the Color blind ? Explain.
(12) 10. On an isolated island there is one person who suffers an albino among the 100 residents of the island. Calculate how many people that was a carrier of the albino !!!
Send your Answer to parawangsaa@yahoo.com in .DOCX Format !!! another format, i'm sorry i can't correcting your answer! Also I only can checking your answer with English Language or Bahasa Indonesia. The limit of sending the Answer is at 9 August 2014 13.00 GMT +7 . The result will posted at 10 August 2014 ! Thank you !!!
1. Ali was interested in Genetic so he began with 2 Plants those are one species but have different color. Ali polinate Red Flower with White Flower pollen and The white flower is polinate by Red Flower Pollen. Then The seeds are planted. If the all F1 is have Red Flower, Then,
(7) a. Draw the Diagram of the Process
(3) b. This Crossing process called _____ crossing, because ______
(12) 2. Fill The blank!
The Person who discover first about inheritance is named ______ . He using _____ to run his experiment. The reason why he use that is ________ and _______ . The crosses that he doing is _________ crosses. Because he ________.
3. A farmer have 2 type of seeds of mango. Sour and small seeds (SSbb) and Sweet and big seeds (ssBB) if there known Sour Type are dominant than sweet and Big seeds are dominant than small seeds. Then two seeds are crossed, So,
(6) a. Known that customer like Sweet and big seeds mango, Count the percentage of the F2 that are Sweet and have big seeds!
(3) b. If known the Fruit produced by F2 is 1000 pieces, Count the fruit that are sweet and have a big seeds!
(3) c. If a piece of mango that are sweet are 2 $ , Count the money that can he get from selling the sweet manggo.
(12) 4. Jane have two rabbits, The male dark grey one (Cch) and the female light grey one (CchCh) if the rabbit are mated, Then draw the diagram from P until F1 !
(4) 5. The Mendel Law apparent deviation that appearing new character if the 2 Dominant Gene was interact is ....
6. Two Pumpkins plant , the White one (PPKK) and the green one (ppkk) . If known that P gene are epistatic (covering character) than K and F2 are produce 160 pieces of pumpkins, Then
(8) a. Draw the Diagram of the crosses
(3) b. What of the kind of the Mendel Law apparent Deviation?
(5) c. Count How much the white pumpkin in F2 !
(10) 7. A woman have blood type A heterozygote married A man with blood type B heterozygote. Draw the diagram and Count the percentage that their child is A blood type, B, O, and AB !!!
(12) 8. Please Explain why happen "Erythroblastosis Fetalis" incident and at least mention 2 solution for this incident!!
(10) 9. A carrier woman for color blind gene married with A normal man. If they have 3 son, what is the probabillity that one of the son is a sufferer of the Color blind ? Explain.
(12) 10. On an isolated island there is one person who suffers an albino among the 100 residents of the island. Calculate how many people that was a carrier of the albino !!!
Send your Answer to parawangsaa@yahoo.com in .DOCX Format !!! another format, i'm sorry i can't correcting your answer! Also I only can checking your answer with English Language or Bahasa Indonesia. The limit of sending the Answer is at 9 August 2014 13.00 GMT +7 . The result will posted at 10 August 2014 ! Thank you !!!
Kamis, 31 Juli 2014
Result of Quiz Biology 1
Until 1 August 2014, There are 3 Answer sent to my Inbox. And there is The Result.
Congratulation for Ahmad Suyoko that scored 85. I hope that this result can motivate another to more Answer the Quiz! Thank You For Participate !!!
Congratulation for Ahmad Suyoko that scored 85. I hope that this result can motivate another to more Answer the Quiz! Thank You For Participate !!!
Biology : Pattern of Heredity (End)
In this post I will discuss more about the genetics. So far we have discussed the Mendel's Law and Deviations intercede. So this time I will discuss further on the Application of Genetics in the life science and Some Genetic Diseases known to solving tips Genetics with Fast and Right.
Links and Move Cross
Links and Jump Cross is also regarded as a deviation of Law Moot Mendel. The reason is the number of genes far more with the number of chromosomes. For example Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes that have more than 40,000 genes. Therefore, many of the genes in each chromosome. Two chromosomes on homologous chromosomes carry one allele for each gene. Homologous chromosomes with alleles that are therein experiencing separation during meiosis independently according to Mendel's Law of Segregation. In contrast, alleles of different genes located on the same chromosome do not follow Mendel's law of segregation II Freely. Genes are experiencing Links. Links are the terms on which a gene is not genetic berpiasah freely. Links can occur in the genital and chromosome non-sex chromosomes.
Autosomal link
Link events observed intensively observed by Thomas Hunt Morgan with media Fruit Flies (Drosophilla melanogaster). Fruit flies are used because they are easy to breed and have a short generation time. Morgan discovered a white-eyed male fruit flies and winged wrinkles which he considers to be a mutant. Morgan considers this as a recessive mutant flies that carried out a test among females wildype Cross (wild) with a white-eyed males winged wrinkles. Morgan expects a comparison between wildtype: vestiglal gray: black normal: mutant = 1: 1: 1: 1, but the results are far from expectations Morgan.
Gonosomal link
After Morgan discovered a white-eyed male fruit flies, he marry at a red-eyed female fruit flies. The result in all the F1 red-eyed offspring. Then F1 allowed to marry each other. The results showed that all red-eyed female fruit fly and a half of white male fruit flies with phenotype ratio of 3: 1 The interesting thing about this experiment is the white eye color is only found in male fruit flies. Morgan drew the conclusion that the white eye gene is X chromosome linked
sex-linked genes are genes that are located on the sex chromosomes and the nature of the induced genes on this chromosome derived along with gender. Sex chromosome consisting of chromosomes X and Y. Women have XX chromosome composition and arrangement Males have XY chromosomes. Between the X chromosome and the Y chromosome are homologous and non-homologous parts. Part homologous on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome is the part where X and Y have the same arrangement of genes. As for the non-homologous on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome is the part where between X and Y is absolutely no similarity in the composition of genes. Genes link is divided into 2 types, namely Imperfect Genes linked (X chromosome linked gene) and Perfect Genes Linked (Linked Gen Y chromosome).
X Chromosome Genes Linked
X Chromosome Genes Linked called link is not perfect because the female sex chromosome composition XX law giving rise to dominance and recessive traits are determined by genes linked Hence X chromosome, usually the X chromosome linked trait commonly expressed by-The entrepreneurs men. For example, color blindness and hemophilia
Gen Y Chromosome Linked
Gen Y Chromosome Linked called perfect link. Y chromosome linked gene and the properties of the resulting so-called holandrik nature, meaning they can only be derived trait in men. Genes on the Y chromosome is very rare and will only be lowered if lowered in men. Examples are Hyperthrichosis (hair growing in the ear canal).
moving Cross
Crossing over is the event peetukaran a chromatid genes with genes homologous chromatids. usually occurs in Prophase phase in cell division.
To determine the percentage of used Crossover Formula
Classification of Human Blood.
1) ABO System
Case example:
A Mother's blood group AB blood group married to a heterozygous father. What is the percentage of children who will be born with blood group B?
P1: IAIB> <IAI
G: IA, IB> <IA, i
<Sorry, Can not Published Photos>
F1: IAIA, IAI, IAIB, IBI
B = 25%
2) MN System
3) Rhesus System
A study says that almost all Asians have Rh + phenotype while 90% Europeans have Rhesus phenotypes -. Therefore, marriage between men and women is difficult to conceive of Europe due to disorder, commonly called Erythroblastosis fetalis.
Sex determination
Human - Male = 44 + XY
- Women = 44 + XX
Insects - Males = 22 + X
- Females = 22 + XX
Aves - Males = 38 + ZZ
- Females = 38 + ZW
Bees - Males = Haploid (16)
- Females = diploid (32)
Type Abnormalities and Genetic Disease
Autosomal recessive
- Albino = no skin pigment (melanin)
- Sickle Cell = The sickle-shaped red blood cells
- Cystic Fibrosis = absence of protein channels for chloride ion pathway leading to mucus in the respiratory
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) = The lack of an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine that accumulate in the body and result in mental retardation
- Galactosemia = absence of an enzyme that breaks Galactose-1-phosphate into glucose-1-phosphate so that galactose accumulate in the body and can cause mental retardation
- Thalassemia = Form of abnormal blood cells and lead to anemia
- Xeroderma pigmentosum disorder = pigment in the skin that lead to skin cancer
Autosomal dominant
- Achondroplasia = abnormal growth of cartilage that causes stunted
- Braktidaktili = Shortening of finger segments
- Polidaktili = Growth radius excess
- Hungtinton = degeneration of the nervous system that is fast and irreversible
- Progeria = Premature aging
Linked recessive X chromosome
-Buta Color
-Ichtyosis = Steroid sulfatase enzyme deficiency, causing dry and rough skin
-Distrofi Muscle protein dystrophin = deficiency that causes muscle degeneration and mental retardation
Difficult -Hemofilia = Blood clot and trigger severe bleeding
Number of Chromosome Aberration
- Normal XYY = no symptoms and can only be detected by karyotype Compilation
- = Down Syndrome, mental retardation, heart defects and sterile
- = Sterile Klinefelter Syndrome, mental retardation, female secondary sex characteristics Appear
- Turner Syndrome = Sterile
Structure of Chromosome Aberration
- Cri Du Chat Syndrome = mental retardation and abnormal shape of the larynx
Okay, that was the in-depth discussion on Genetics. Because hard enough to enter a number of media genetics. I opened up the opportunity for readers to ask about genetics to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. And do not forget tomorrow I will hold Biology Quiz 2 Prepare yourself and Regards Biology !!!
Links and Move Cross
Links and Jump Cross is also regarded as a deviation of Law Moot Mendel. The reason is the number of genes far more with the number of chromosomes. For example Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes that have more than 40,000 genes. Therefore, many of the genes in each chromosome. Two chromosomes on homologous chromosomes carry one allele for each gene. Homologous chromosomes with alleles that are therein experiencing separation during meiosis independently according to Mendel's Law of Segregation. In contrast, alleles of different genes located on the same chromosome do not follow Mendel's law of segregation II Freely. Genes are experiencing Links. Links are the terms on which a gene is not genetic berpiasah freely. Links can occur in the genital and chromosome non-sex chromosomes.
Autosomal link
Link events observed intensively observed by Thomas Hunt Morgan with media Fruit Flies (Drosophilla melanogaster). Fruit flies are used because they are easy to breed and have a short generation time. Morgan discovered a white-eyed male fruit flies and winged wrinkles which he considers to be a mutant. Morgan considers this as a recessive mutant flies that carried out a test among females wildype Cross (wild) with a white-eyed males winged wrinkles. Morgan expects a comparison between wildtype: vestiglal gray: black normal: mutant = 1: 1: 1: 1, but the results are far from expectations Morgan.
After Morgan discovered a white-eyed male fruit flies, he marry at a red-eyed female fruit flies. The result in all the F1 red-eyed offspring. Then F1 allowed to marry each other. The results showed that all red-eyed female fruit fly and a half of white male fruit flies with phenotype ratio of 3: 1 The interesting thing about this experiment is the white eye color is only found in male fruit flies. Morgan drew the conclusion that the white eye gene is X chromosome linked
sex-linked genes are genes that are located on the sex chromosomes and the nature of the induced genes on this chromosome derived along with gender. Sex chromosome consisting of chromosomes X and Y. Women have XX chromosome composition and arrangement Males have XY chromosomes. Between the X chromosome and the Y chromosome are homologous and non-homologous parts. Part homologous on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome is the part where X and Y have the same arrangement of genes. As for the non-homologous on the X chromosome and the Y chromosome is the part where between X and Y is absolutely no similarity in the composition of genes. Genes link is divided into 2 types, namely Imperfect Genes linked (X chromosome linked gene) and Perfect Genes Linked (Linked Gen Y chromosome).
X Chromosome Genes Linked
X Chromosome Genes Linked called link is not perfect because the female sex chromosome composition XX law giving rise to dominance and recessive traits are determined by genes linked Hence X chromosome, usually the X chromosome linked trait commonly expressed by-The entrepreneurs men. For example, color blindness and hemophilia
Gen Y Chromosome Linked
Gen Y Chromosome Linked called perfect link. Y chromosome linked gene and the properties of the resulting so-called holandrik nature, meaning they can only be derived trait in men. Genes on the Y chromosome is very rare and will only be lowered if lowered in men. Examples are Hyperthrichosis (hair growing in the ear canal).
moving Cross
Crossing over is the event peetukaran a chromatid genes with genes homologous chromatids. usually occurs in Prophase phase in cell division.
To determine the percentage of used Crossover Formula
Classification of Human Blood.
1) ABO System
Case example:
A Mother's blood group AB blood group married to a heterozygous father. What is the percentage of children who will be born with blood group B?
P1: IAIB> <IAI
G: IA, IB> <IA, i
<Sorry, Can not Published Photos>
F1: IAIA, IAI, IAIB, IBI
B = 25%
2) MN System
3) Rhesus System
A study says that almost all Asians have Rh + phenotype while 90% Europeans have Rhesus phenotypes -. Therefore, marriage between men and women is difficult to conceive of Europe due to disorder, commonly called Erythroblastosis fetalis.
Sex determination
Human - Male = 44 + XY
- Women = 44 + XX
Insects - Males = 22 + X
- Females = 22 + XX
Aves - Males = 38 + ZZ
- Females = 38 + ZW
Bees - Males = Haploid (16)
- Females = diploid (32)
Type Abnormalities and Genetic Disease
Autosomal recessive
- Albino = no skin pigment (melanin)
- Sickle Cell = The sickle-shaped red blood cells
- Cystic Fibrosis = absence of protein channels for chloride ion pathway leading to mucus in the respiratory
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) = The lack of an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine that accumulate in the body and result in mental retardation
- Galactosemia = absence of an enzyme that breaks Galactose-1-phosphate into glucose-1-phosphate so that galactose accumulate in the body and can cause mental retardation
- Thalassemia = Form of abnormal blood cells and lead to anemia
- Xeroderma pigmentosum disorder = pigment in the skin that lead to skin cancer
Autosomal dominant
- Achondroplasia = abnormal growth of cartilage that causes stunted
- Braktidaktili = Shortening of finger segments
- Polidaktili = Growth radius excess
- Hungtinton = degeneration of the nervous system that is fast and irreversible
- Progeria = Premature aging
Linked recessive X chromosome
-Buta Color
-Ichtyosis = Steroid sulfatase enzyme deficiency, causing dry and rough skin
-Distrofi Muscle protein dystrophin = deficiency that causes muscle degeneration and mental retardation
Difficult -Hemofilia = Blood clot and trigger severe bleeding
Number of Chromosome Aberration
- Normal XYY = no symptoms and can only be detected by karyotype Compilation
- = Down Syndrome, mental retardation, heart defects and sterile
- = Sterile Klinefelter Syndrome, mental retardation, female secondary sex characteristics Appear
- Turner Syndrome = Sterile
Structure of Chromosome Aberration
- Cri Du Chat Syndrome = mental retardation and abnormal shape of the larynx
Okay, that was the in-depth discussion on Genetics. Because hard enough to enter a number of media genetics. I opened up the opportunity for readers to ask about genetics to parawangsaa@yahoo.com. And do not forget tomorrow I will hold Biology Quiz 2 Prepare yourself and Regards Biology !!!
Biologi : Genetika (Selesai)
Dalam post ini saya akan membahas lebih dalam mengenai genetika. Sejauh ini kita telah membahas Hukum Mendel dan Penyimpangan Semunya. Maka kali ini saya akan membahas lebih jauh mengenai Penerapan Ilmu Genetika dalam kehidupan dan Beberapa Penyakit Genetika yang terkenal hingga tips-tips menyelesaikan soal Genetika dengan Cepat dan Tepat.
Tautan dan Pindah Silang
Tautan dan Pindah Silang juga dianggap sebagai Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel. Penyebabnya adalah Jumlah gen yang Jauh lebih banyak dengan Jumlah Kromosom. Misalnya Manusia yang memiliki 23 pasang Kromosom memiliki lebih dari 40.000 jenis gen. Oleh karenanya banyak gen dalam tiap kromosom. Dua Kromosom pada kromosom homolog membawa satu alel untuk tiap gen. Kromosom Homolog dengan alel-alel yang berada didalamnya mengalami pemisahan secara secara bebas pada saat meiosis sesuai dengan Hukum Mendel mengenai Segregasi. Sebaliknya, alel-alel dari gen-gen yang berbeda yang terletak pada satu kromosom yang sama tidak mengikuti Hukum II Mendel mengenai pemisahan Secara Bebas. Gen-gen tersebut mengalami Tautan. Tautan adalah istilah pada genetika dimana suatu gen tidak berpiasah secara bebas. Tautan dapat terjadi pada Kromosom kelamin maupun kromosom non-kelamin.
Tautan Autosomal
Peristiwa tautan diamati secara intensif diamati oleh Thomas Hunt Morgan dengan media Lalat Buah (Drosophilla melanogaster). Digunakan Lalat buah karena mudah berkembang biak dan punya waktu generasi yang singkat. Morgan menemukan suatu lalat buah jantan bermata putih dan bersayap keriput yang dia anggap sebagai mutan. Morgan menganggap lalat mutan ini sebagai resesif sehingga dilakukan test Cross antara Betina wildype (liar) dengan jantan bermata putih bersayap keriput. Morgan mengharapkan perbandingan antara wildtype : abu-abu vestiglal : hitam normal : mutan = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1. Tetapi hasilnya jauh dari harapan Morgan.
Tautan Gonosomal
Setelah Morgan menemukan lalat buah jantan bermata putih, ia mengawinkannya pada seekor lalat buah betina bermata merah. Hasilnya pada F1 semua keturunannya bermata merah. Lalu F1 dibiarkan mengawini sesamanya. Hasilnya diperoleh bahwa Semua lalat buah betina bermata merah dan setengah dari lalat buah jantan berwarna putih dengan rasio fenotipe 3 : 1. Hal yang menarik dari percobaan ini adalah warna mata putih hanya terdapat pada lalat buah jantan. Morgan menarik kesimpulan bahwa gen mata putih merupakan tertaut kromosom X.
Gen Tertaut Kelamin (sex linked genes) adalah gen yang terletak pada kromosom kelamin dan sifat yang ditimbulkan gen pada kromosom ini diturunkan bersama dengan jenis kelamin. Kromosom kelamin terdiri dari kromosom X dan Y. Perempuan memiliki susunan Kromosom XX dan Laki-laki memiliki susunan Kromosom XY. Antara kromosom X dan kromosom Y terdapat bagian yang homolog dan bagian yang tidak homolog. Bagian homolog pada kromosom X dan Y adalah bagian dimana kromosom X dan Y memiliki susunan gen yang sama. Sedangkan untuk bagian non-homolog pada kromosom X dan Y adalah bagian dimana diantara kromosom X dan Y sama sekali tidak ada persamaan pada susunan gennya. Gen tautan terbagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu Gen tertaut Tidak Sempurna (Gen tertaut kromosom X) dan Gen Tertaut Sempurna (Gen Tertaut Kromosom Y).
Gen Tertaut Kromosom X
Gen Tertaut Kromosom X disebut tautan tidak sempurna karena pada perempuan susunan kromosom kelaminnya XX sehingga menimbulkan hukum dominansi dan resesif bagi sifat-sifat yang ditentukan oleh gen-gen tertaut kromosom X. Oleh karena itulah, biasanya sifat tertaut Kromosom X biasa diekspresikan oleh-laki-laki. Contohnya Buta Warna dan Hemofilia
Gen Tertaut Kromosom Y
Gen Tertaut Kromosom Y disebut tautan sempurna. Gen tertaut kromosom Y dan sifat-sifat yang ditimbulkannya disebut sifat holandrik, berarti sifat tersebut hanya dapat diturunkan pada laki-laki. Gen pada kromosom Y sangat langka dan kalaupun diturunkan hanya akan diturunkan pada laki-laki. Contohnya adalah Hyperthrichosis (tumbuh rambut pada saluran telinga).
Pindah Silang
Pindah silang adalah peristiwa peetukaran gen-gen suatu kromatid dengan gen-gen kromatid homolognya. biasanya terjadi pada fase Profase dalam pembelahan sel.
Untuk menentukan persentase Pindah silang digunakan Rumus
Penggolongan Darah Manusia.
1) Sistem ABO
Contoh Kasus :
Seorang Ibu bergolongan darah AB menikah dengan Ayah bergolongan darah A heterozigot. Berapa Persentase anak yang akan dilahirkan dengan golonag darah B?
P1 : IAIB >< IAi
G : IA , IB >< IA , i
<Maaf, Foto tidak Dapat Ditampilkan>
F1 : IAIA, IAi, IAIB, IBi
B = 25 %
Golongan Darah MN
Gologan Darah Rhesus
Suatu Studi menyebutkan bahwa hampir semua orang Asia berfenotipe Rh + sedangkan 90 % Orang Eropa berfenotipe Rhesus - . Oleh karena itu perkawinan antara laki-laki dan wanita eropa sulit memperoleh keturunan dikaibatkan kelainan yang lazim disebut Erythroblastosis Fetalis.
Determinasi Seks
Manusia - Laki-laki = 44 + XY
- Perempuan = 44 + XX
Serangga - Jantan = 22 + X
- Betina = 22 + XX
Aves - Jantan = 38 + ZZ
- Betina = 38 + ZW
Lebah - Jantan = Haploid (16)
- Betina = Diploid (32)
Jenis Kelainan dan Penyakit Genetik
Resesif Autosomal
- Albino = tidak ada pigmen kulit (melanin)
- Sickle Cell = sel darah merah berbentuk Sabit
- Fibrosis Sistik = Tidak adanya saluran protein untuk jalur ion Klorida sehingga menimbulkan lendir di daerah pernafasan
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) = Tidak adanya enzim yang memecah fenilalanin sehingga menumpuk pada tubuh dan mengakibatkan keterbelakangan mental
- Galaktosemia = Tidak adanya enzim yang memecah Galaktosa-1-Fosfat menjadi Glukosa-1-Fosfat sehingga galaktosa tertumpuk pada tubuh dan dapat menyebabkan keterbelakangan mental
- Thalasemia = Bentuk sel darah yang abnormal dan berujung pada anemia
- Xeroderma pigmentosum = kelainan pigmen pada kulit yang berujung pada kanker kulit
Dominan Autosomal
- Akondroplasia = pertumbuhan abnormal tulang rawan yang menyebabkan kerdil
- Braktidaktili = Pemendekan ruas-ruas jari
- Polidaktili = Pertumbuhan jari-jari yang berlebih
- Hungtinton = Degenerasi sistem saraf yang cepat dan irreversibel
- Progeria = Penuaan dini
Resesif Tertaut Kromosom X
-Buta Warna
-Ichtyosis = defisiensi enzim sulfatase steroid, menyebabkan kulit kering dan kasar
-Distrofi Otot = Defisiensi protein Distrofin yang menyebabkan degenerasi otot dan keterbelakangan mental
-Hemofilia = Darah sukar membeku dan memicu pendarahan hebat
Aberasi Jumlah Kromosom
- XYY = Normal tanpa gejala dan hanya bisa dideteksi dengan Penyusunan Kariotipe
- Syndrome Down = Keterbelakangan mental, steril dan cacat jantung
- Syndrome Klinefelter = Steril, Keterbelakangan mental, Muncul ciri seks sekunder perempuan
- Syndrome Turner = Steril
Aberasi Struktur Kromosom
- Syndrome Cri Du Chat = keterbelakangan mental dan bentuk laring abnormal
Oke, itu tadi adalah pembahasan mendalam mengenai Genetika. Berhubung Cukup sulit memasukkan sejumlah media genetika. Saya membuka kesempatan bagi readers untuk bertanya seputar Genetika ke parawangsaa@yahoo.com. Dan jangan lupa besok saya akan mengadakan Kuis Biologi 2. Persiapkan dirimu dan Salam Biologi !!!
Tautan dan Pindah Silang
Tautan dan Pindah Silang juga dianggap sebagai Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel. Penyebabnya adalah Jumlah gen yang Jauh lebih banyak dengan Jumlah Kromosom. Misalnya Manusia yang memiliki 23 pasang Kromosom memiliki lebih dari 40.000 jenis gen. Oleh karenanya banyak gen dalam tiap kromosom. Dua Kromosom pada kromosom homolog membawa satu alel untuk tiap gen. Kromosom Homolog dengan alel-alel yang berada didalamnya mengalami pemisahan secara secara bebas pada saat meiosis sesuai dengan Hukum Mendel mengenai Segregasi. Sebaliknya, alel-alel dari gen-gen yang berbeda yang terletak pada satu kromosom yang sama tidak mengikuti Hukum II Mendel mengenai pemisahan Secara Bebas. Gen-gen tersebut mengalami Tautan. Tautan adalah istilah pada genetika dimana suatu gen tidak berpiasah secara bebas. Tautan dapat terjadi pada Kromosom kelamin maupun kromosom non-kelamin.
Tautan Autosomal
Peristiwa tautan diamati secara intensif diamati oleh Thomas Hunt Morgan dengan media Lalat Buah (Drosophilla melanogaster). Digunakan Lalat buah karena mudah berkembang biak dan punya waktu generasi yang singkat. Morgan menemukan suatu lalat buah jantan bermata putih dan bersayap keriput yang dia anggap sebagai mutan. Morgan menganggap lalat mutan ini sebagai resesif sehingga dilakukan test Cross antara Betina wildype (liar) dengan jantan bermata putih bersayap keriput. Morgan mengharapkan perbandingan antara wildtype : abu-abu vestiglal : hitam normal : mutan = 1 : 1 : 1 : 1. Tetapi hasilnya jauh dari harapan Morgan.
Tautan Gonosomal
Setelah Morgan menemukan lalat buah jantan bermata putih, ia mengawinkannya pada seekor lalat buah betina bermata merah. Hasilnya pada F1 semua keturunannya bermata merah. Lalu F1 dibiarkan mengawini sesamanya. Hasilnya diperoleh bahwa Semua lalat buah betina bermata merah dan setengah dari lalat buah jantan berwarna putih dengan rasio fenotipe 3 : 1. Hal yang menarik dari percobaan ini adalah warna mata putih hanya terdapat pada lalat buah jantan. Morgan menarik kesimpulan bahwa gen mata putih merupakan tertaut kromosom X.
Gen Tertaut Kelamin (sex linked genes) adalah gen yang terletak pada kromosom kelamin dan sifat yang ditimbulkan gen pada kromosom ini diturunkan bersama dengan jenis kelamin. Kromosom kelamin terdiri dari kromosom X dan Y. Perempuan memiliki susunan Kromosom XX dan Laki-laki memiliki susunan Kromosom XY. Antara kromosom X dan kromosom Y terdapat bagian yang homolog dan bagian yang tidak homolog. Bagian homolog pada kromosom X dan Y adalah bagian dimana kromosom X dan Y memiliki susunan gen yang sama. Sedangkan untuk bagian non-homolog pada kromosom X dan Y adalah bagian dimana diantara kromosom X dan Y sama sekali tidak ada persamaan pada susunan gennya. Gen tautan terbagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu Gen tertaut Tidak Sempurna (Gen tertaut kromosom X) dan Gen Tertaut Sempurna (Gen Tertaut Kromosom Y).
Gen Tertaut Kromosom X
Gen Tertaut Kromosom X disebut tautan tidak sempurna karena pada perempuan susunan kromosom kelaminnya XX sehingga menimbulkan hukum dominansi dan resesif bagi sifat-sifat yang ditentukan oleh gen-gen tertaut kromosom X. Oleh karena itulah, biasanya sifat tertaut Kromosom X biasa diekspresikan oleh-laki-laki. Contohnya Buta Warna dan Hemofilia
Gen Tertaut Kromosom Y
Gen Tertaut Kromosom Y disebut tautan sempurna. Gen tertaut kromosom Y dan sifat-sifat yang ditimbulkannya disebut sifat holandrik, berarti sifat tersebut hanya dapat diturunkan pada laki-laki. Gen pada kromosom Y sangat langka dan kalaupun diturunkan hanya akan diturunkan pada laki-laki. Contohnya adalah Hyperthrichosis (tumbuh rambut pada saluran telinga).
Pindah Silang
Pindah silang adalah peristiwa peetukaran gen-gen suatu kromatid dengan gen-gen kromatid homolognya. biasanya terjadi pada fase Profase dalam pembelahan sel.
Untuk menentukan persentase Pindah silang digunakan Rumus
Penggolongan Darah Manusia.
1) Sistem ABO
Contoh Kasus :
Seorang Ibu bergolongan darah AB menikah dengan Ayah bergolongan darah A heterozigot. Berapa Persentase anak yang akan dilahirkan dengan golonag darah B?
P1 : IAIB >< IAi
G : IA , IB >< IA , i
<Maaf, Foto tidak Dapat Ditampilkan>
F1 : IAIA, IAi, IAIB, IBi
B = 25 %
Golongan Darah MN
Gologan Darah Rhesus
Suatu Studi menyebutkan bahwa hampir semua orang Asia berfenotipe Rh + sedangkan 90 % Orang Eropa berfenotipe Rhesus - . Oleh karena itu perkawinan antara laki-laki dan wanita eropa sulit memperoleh keturunan dikaibatkan kelainan yang lazim disebut Erythroblastosis Fetalis.
Determinasi Seks
Manusia - Laki-laki = 44 + XY
- Perempuan = 44 + XX
Serangga - Jantan = 22 + X
- Betina = 22 + XX
Aves - Jantan = 38 + ZZ
- Betina = 38 + ZW
Lebah - Jantan = Haploid (16)
- Betina = Diploid (32)
Jenis Kelainan dan Penyakit Genetik
Resesif Autosomal
- Albino = tidak ada pigmen kulit (melanin)
- Sickle Cell = sel darah merah berbentuk Sabit
- Fibrosis Sistik = Tidak adanya saluran protein untuk jalur ion Klorida sehingga menimbulkan lendir di daerah pernafasan
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) = Tidak adanya enzim yang memecah fenilalanin sehingga menumpuk pada tubuh dan mengakibatkan keterbelakangan mental
- Galaktosemia = Tidak adanya enzim yang memecah Galaktosa-1-Fosfat menjadi Glukosa-1-Fosfat sehingga galaktosa tertumpuk pada tubuh dan dapat menyebabkan keterbelakangan mental
- Thalasemia = Bentuk sel darah yang abnormal dan berujung pada anemia
- Xeroderma pigmentosum = kelainan pigmen pada kulit yang berujung pada kanker kulit
Dominan Autosomal
- Akondroplasia = pertumbuhan abnormal tulang rawan yang menyebabkan kerdil
- Braktidaktili = Pemendekan ruas-ruas jari
- Polidaktili = Pertumbuhan jari-jari yang berlebih
- Hungtinton = Degenerasi sistem saraf yang cepat dan irreversibel
- Progeria = Penuaan dini
Resesif Tertaut Kromosom X
-Buta Warna
-Ichtyosis = defisiensi enzim sulfatase steroid, menyebabkan kulit kering dan kasar
-Distrofi Otot = Defisiensi protein Distrofin yang menyebabkan degenerasi otot dan keterbelakangan mental
-Hemofilia = Darah sukar membeku dan memicu pendarahan hebat
Aberasi Jumlah Kromosom
- XYY = Normal tanpa gejala dan hanya bisa dideteksi dengan Penyusunan Kariotipe
- Syndrome Down = Keterbelakangan mental, steril dan cacat jantung
- Syndrome Klinefelter = Steril, Keterbelakangan mental, Muncul ciri seks sekunder perempuan
- Syndrome Turner = Steril
Aberasi Struktur Kromosom
- Syndrome Cri Du Chat = keterbelakangan mental dan bentuk laring abnormal
Oke, itu tadi adalah pembahasan mendalam mengenai Genetika. Berhubung Cukup sulit memasukkan sejumlah media genetika. Saya membuka kesempatan bagi readers untuk bertanya seputar Genetika ke parawangsaa@yahoo.com. Dan jangan lupa besok saya akan mengadakan Kuis Biologi 2. Persiapkan dirimu dan Salam Biologi !!!
Rabu, 30 Juli 2014
Biology : Patterns of Heredity (1)
Hello Everybody! This time I will present material on Genetics. This time I gonna post with English Language.
Preambule
Before we discuss more about Genetics. We need to know what the purpose of studying Genetics. The aim of our study genetics so that we can know the exact mechanism of inheritance of parental (Parent) on Filial (Descendants), what is inherited and what is influencing and influenced by heredity. Genetics was originally coined by An Austrian scientist named Johann Gregor Mendel. (1822-1884). Mendel grew up in the farm so he has agricultural science. Then at age 21, he became a monk and then take the test to become a teacher but failed. And then he continued his education at the University of Vienna. There he met the famous physicist, Christian Doppler. And the famous botanist Franz Unger. Doppler teaches that as a scientist to be fond of experimenting and Franz Unger also interested about Mendelian inheritance and provide a challenge to apply mathematics in biology and even then the challenge is answered by Mendel in 1859.
Experiments Mendel's Laws of Inheritance and nature.
Mendel in his experiments using peas. Nuts used pea because he has properties that are easily observed, Cheap and has a short generation time. But before that Mendel should look for seed that really pure strains by means Crossing Homozygous dominant plants with each other. These seeds can then be used effectively. In his first experiment, he only saw the obvious properties only, ie flower color, location of flower, seed color, seed shape, pod shape, pod color and stem length. The way he crossed the white flowers and purple flowers by cutting the white flower stamens and pollen stick on white flowers. Then, the resulting pods planted. The results are all purple flowers and left self-pollinated. Here are the details of the results of Mendel's experiments.
Hence he argued Inheritance Law commonly called Mendel's Law. Mendel's laws are divided into Mendel's Law I and II. Mendel's first law, also called the Law of Segregation. This law states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up at different gametes. And Mendel's Second Law is commonly called the Law of Segregation states that every free pairs of alleles segregate independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. To understand more about Mendel's Law Concerning please read Cleavage Sel.
Monohibrid Crossing
Monohibrid cross is a cross that only observes one character. Examples Crosses between plants of red roses and white roses.
Dihybrid Crosses
Dihybrid cross is a cross that only observe 2 properties. The following example dihybrid crosses.
Test Cross
Test Cross is a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual with genotype. The following example Testcross.
Backcross
Backcross is a cross between to Filial One parent was. Human prohibited from backcross. Animals that are allowed and Plants. The following example backcross.
Resiprok Crosses
Resiprok cross is a cross over with the opposite sex. There is no difference between a regular cross because his genes are not sex linked. Here's an example of a Respirok Crosses
Mendel's Law Moot deviation
In fact, many crosses phenotype results not in accordance with Mendel's Law. However, when considered in the figure is a variation of phenotype in Mendelian Law. So-called Mendelian Law Moot deviation. The following example Mendelian Law Moot deviation.
Incomplete Domination / Intermediates
In this cross, allele Domminan not cover all of the recessive allele. Individuals who are heterozygous consequently have half a recessive trait. The following example Intermediates Crosses
Atavism
Atavism is the emergence of a cross which influenced the nature of the interaction of several genes. Atavism example can be seen in chicken's comb. The following example atavism Crosses.
Cryptomery
Cryptomery is the hidden nature of the dominant gene, if the gene is dominant stand alone. However, if the dominant gene interacts with other genes will mncul dominant trait dominant gene that were previously hidden and Phenotypes obtained Comparison 9: 3: 4 The following example Cryptomery Crosses.
Dominant epistasis
Dominant epistasis is a cross which covered the Dominant alleles of genes with other genes work and have a phenotype ratio of 12: 3: 1 The following example Epistasis Dominant Crosses.
Polymery
Polymery is a form of gene interaction are cumulative (each add). Polymery caused by the interaction between two or more genes. So-called double-gene trait. The following example Polymery Crosses.
complementary
Is the complementary interaction of several genes that are complementary. This interaction can be called a double recessive gene epistasis also because if one is homozygous recessive gene, the appearance of a character by another gene to be imperfect / blocked. Comparison of phenotype is 9: 7 Here is the example of Complementary Crosses.
that's first Post About Genetics. The next post will discuss more about Genetics. Do not forget to send the answers of Biology Quiz 1 and send the answer to parawangsaa@yahoo.com in Docx format soon! Thank you!
Preambule
Before we discuss more about Genetics. We need to know what the purpose of studying Genetics. The aim of our study genetics so that we can know the exact mechanism of inheritance of parental (Parent) on Filial (Descendants), what is inherited and what is influencing and influenced by heredity. Genetics was originally coined by An Austrian scientist named Johann Gregor Mendel. (1822-1884). Mendel grew up in the farm so he has agricultural science. Then at age 21, he became a monk and then take the test to become a teacher but failed. And then he continued his education at the University of Vienna. There he met the famous physicist, Christian Doppler. And the famous botanist Franz Unger. Doppler teaches that as a scientist to be fond of experimenting and Franz Unger also interested about Mendelian inheritance and provide a challenge to apply mathematics in biology and even then the challenge is answered by Mendel in 1859.
Experiments Mendel's Laws of Inheritance and nature.
Mendel in his experiments using peas. Nuts used pea because he has properties that are easily observed, Cheap and has a short generation time. But before that Mendel should look for seed that really pure strains by means Crossing Homozygous dominant plants with each other. These seeds can then be used effectively. In his first experiment, he only saw the obvious properties only, ie flower color, location of flower, seed color, seed shape, pod shape, pod color and stem length. The way he crossed the white flowers and purple flowers by cutting the white flower stamens and pollen stick on white flowers. Then, the resulting pods planted. The results are all purple flowers and left self-pollinated. Here are the details of the results of Mendel's experiments.
Hence he argued Inheritance Law commonly called Mendel's Law. Mendel's laws are divided into Mendel's Law I and II. Mendel's first law, also called the Law of Segregation. This law states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up at different gametes. And Mendel's Second Law is commonly called the Law of Segregation states that every free pairs of alleles segregate independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. To understand more about Mendel's Law Concerning please read Cleavage Sel.
Monohibrid Crossing
Monohibrid cross is a cross that only observes one character. Examples Crosses between plants of red roses and white roses.
Dihybrid cross is a cross that only observe 2 properties. The following example dihybrid crosses.
Polihibrid Crosses
Polihibrid cross is a cross where many properties were observed. The following example Polihibrid.Test Cross
Test Cross is a cross between an individual with an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual with genotype. The following example Testcross.
Backcross is a cross between to Filial One parent was. Human prohibited from backcross. Animals that are allowed and Plants. The following example backcross.
Resiprok Crosses
Resiprok cross is a cross over with the opposite sex. There is no difference between a regular cross because his genes are not sex linked. Here's an example of a Respirok Crosses
In fact, many crosses phenotype results not in accordance with Mendel's Law. However, when considered in the figure is a variation of phenotype in Mendelian Law. So-called Mendelian Law Moot deviation. The following example Mendelian Law Moot deviation.
Incomplete Domination / Intermediates
In this cross, allele Domminan not cover all of the recessive allele. Individuals who are heterozygous consequently have half a recessive trait. The following example Intermediates Crosses
Atavism
Atavism is the emergence of a cross which influenced the nature of the interaction of several genes. Atavism example can be seen in chicken's comb. The following example atavism Crosses.
Cryptomery
Cryptomery is the hidden nature of the dominant gene, if the gene is dominant stand alone. However, if the dominant gene interacts with other genes will mncul dominant trait dominant gene that were previously hidden and Phenotypes obtained Comparison 9: 3: 4 The following example Cryptomery Crosses.
Dominant epistasis is a cross which covered the Dominant alleles of genes with other genes work and have a phenotype ratio of 12: 3: 1 The following example Epistasis Dominant Crosses.
Polymery
Polymery is a form of gene interaction are cumulative (each add). Polymery caused by the interaction between two or more genes. So-called double-gene trait. The following example Polymery Crosses.
complementary
Is the complementary interaction of several genes that are complementary. This interaction can be called a double recessive gene epistasis also because if one is homozygous recessive gene, the appearance of a character by another gene to be imperfect / blocked. Comparison of phenotype is 9: 7 Here is the example of Complementary Crosses.
that's first Post About Genetics. The next post will discuss more about Genetics. Do not forget to send the answers of Biology Quiz 1 and send the answer to parawangsaa@yahoo.com in Docx format soon! Thank you!
Biologi : Genetika (1)
Jumpa lagi Bloggers! Kali ini saya akan menampilkan materi mengenai Genetika. Khusus Bab ini oleh karena banyaknya request dari orang Indonesia. Maka saya menampilkannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia. But don't be sad. I will also post in English in next Post.
PREAMBULE
Sebelum kita membahas lebih dalam mengenai Genetika. Kita perlu tahu apa tujuan mempelajari Genetika. Tujuan kita mempelajari genetika agar kita dapat mengetahui mekanisme sebenarnya dari pewarisan sifat dari Parental (Induk) pada Filial (Keturunan), apa saja yang diwariskan dan apa yang mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi pewarisan sifat. Genetika pada awalnya dicetuskan oleh Seorang Ilmuwan Austria bernama Johann Gregor Mendel. (1822-1884). Mendel tumbuh di lingkungan perkebunan sehingga dia memiliki ilmu pertanian. Lalu pada umur 21 tahun ia menjadi biarawan lalu mengikuti tes untuk menjadi guru tapi gagal. Dan Kemudian dia melanjutkan pendidikannya di Universitas Vienna. Disana dia bertemu ahli fisika ternama, Christian Doppler. Dan ahli botani ternama Franz Unger. Doppler mengajarkan bahwa sebagai seorang saintis harus gemar bereksperimen dan Franz Unger juga tertarik mengenai pewarisan sifat dan memberi Mendel sebuah tantangan untuk menerapkan ilmu matematika dalam biologi dan tantangan itupun dijawab oleh Mendel pada 1859.
Percobaan Mendel dan Hukum Pewarisan sifat.
Mendel dalam percobaannya menggunakan kacang ercis. Digunakan Kacang ercis karena dia memiliki sifat yang mudah diamati, Murah dan memiliki waktu generasi yang singkat. Tapi sebelum itu Mendel harus mencari bij yang benar-benar galur murni dengan cara Menyilangkan tumbuhan Homozigot dominan dengan sesamanya. Barulah Biji ini bisa digunakan secara efektif. Dalam percobaan pertamanya, Dia hanya melihat sifat-sifat yang jelas saja, Yaitu warna bunga, Letak bunga, warna biji, bentuk biji, bentuk polong, warna polong dan panjang batang. Caranya dia menyilangkan bunga putih dan bunga ungu dengan cara memotong benang sari bunga putih lalu menempelkan serbuk sari pada bunga putih. Lalu, buah polong yang dihasilkan ditanam. Hasilnya semua bunga berwarna ungu dan dibiarkan menyerbuk sendiri. Berikut rincian hasil percobaan Mendel.
Oleh Karena itu Ia mengemukakan Hukum Pewarisan Sifat yang biasa disebut Hukum Mendel. Hukum Mendel terbagi menjadi Hukum Mendel I dan II. Hukum Mendel I juga biasa disebut Hukum Segregasi. Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa dua alel untuk suatu Karakter terwariskan bersegregasi (terpisah) selama pembentukan gamet dan akhirnya berada pada gamet-gamet yang berbeda. Dan Hukum Mendel II biasa disebut Hukum Pemilahan bebas yang menyatakan bahwa setiap pasangan alel bersegregasi secara bebas terhadap pasangan alel-alel lain selama pembentukan gamet. Untuk memahami lebih dalam mengenai Hukum Mendel silahkan membaca Mengenai Pembelahan Sel.
Persilangan Monohibrid
Persilangan Monohibrid adalah suatu persilangan yang hanya mengamati 1 sifat. Contohnya Persilangan antara Tanaman mawar merah dan mawar putih.
Persilangan Dihibrid
Persilangan Dihibrid adalah suatu perilangan yang hanya mengamati 2 sifat. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Dihibrid.
Persilangan Polihibrid
Persilangan Polihibrid adalah persilangan dimana banyak sifat yang diamati. Berikut Contoh Polihibrid.
Test Cross (Uji silang)
Test Cross adalah persilangan antara individu dengan Genotip tidak diketahui dengan Individu dengan Genotip Homozigot Resesif. Berikut Contoh TestCross.
BackCross (Silang balik)
BackCross adalah persilangan antara Filial dengan Salah Satu Parentalnya. Manusia dilarang melakukan BackCross. Yang diperbolehkan adalah Hewan dan Tumbuhan. Berikut Contoh BackCross.
Persilangan Respirok
Persilangan Respirok adalah persilangan ulang dengan jenis kelamin berbeda. Tidak ada perbedaan antara persilangan biasa karena gen-gen nya tidak tertaut seks. Berikut contoh persilangan Respirok.
Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel
Pada Kenyataannya, banyak hasil persilangan yang fenotipenya tidak sesuai dengan Hukum Mendel. Tetapi bila diperhatikan angkanya merupakan variasi dari Fenotipe pada Hukum Mendel. Maka disebut Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel. Berikut Contoh Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel.
Dominasi tak Sempurna / Intermediet
Pada persilangan ini, Alel Domminan tidak menutupi alel resesif seluruhnya. akibatnya Individu yang heterozigot memiliki sifat setengah resesif. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Intermediet.
Atavisme
Atavisme adalah persilangan dimana munculnya suatu sifat dipengaruhi dari interaksi beberapa gen. Contoh Atavisme bisa dilihat pada jengger ayam. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Atavisme.
Kriptomeri
Kriptomeri adalah sifat gen dominan yang Tersembunyi, jika gen dominan tersebut berdiri sendiri. Namun, Jika gen dominan tersebut berinteraksi dengan gen dominan lainnya akan mncul sifat gen dominan yang sebelumnya tersembunyi dan diperoleh Perbandingan Fenotipe 9 : 3 : 4. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Kriptomeri.
Epistasis Dominan
Epistasis Dominan adalah persilangan dimana gen dengan Alel Dominan menutupi kerja gen lain dan memiliki perbandingan Fenotipe 12 : 3 : 1. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Epistasis Dominan.
Polimeri
Polimeri adalah bentuk interaksi gen yang bersifat kumulatif (saling menambah). Polimeri terjadi akibat interaksi antara 2 gen atau lebih. Sehingga biasa disebut sifat gen ganda. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Polimeri.
Komplementer
Komplementer adalah interaksi beberapa gen yang saling melengkapi. Interaksi tersebut dapat dinamakan juga epistasis gen resesif rangkap sebab jika salah satu gen bersifat homozigot resesif, pemunculan suatu karakter oleh gen lain menjadi tidak sempurna / terhalang. Perbandingan Fenotipenya adalah 9 : 7 Berikut adalah Contoh Persilangan Komplementer.
Sampai disini dulu Post Mengenai Genetika. Post berikutnya akan membahas lebih dalam mengenai Genetika. Jangan lupa juga untuk mengirim jawaban Biology Quiz 1 dan kirimkan jawabannya ke parawangsaa@yahoo.com dalam format .DOCX segera ! Terima Kasih !
PREAMBULE
Sebelum kita membahas lebih dalam mengenai Genetika. Kita perlu tahu apa tujuan mempelajari Genetika. Tujuan kita mempelajari genetika agar kita dapat mengetahui mekanisme sebenarnya dari pewarisan sifat dari Parental (Induk) pada Filial (Keturunan), apa saja yang diwariskan dan apa yang mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi pewarisan sifat. Genetika pada awalnya dicetuskan oleh Seorang Ilmuwan Austria bernama Johann Gregor Mendel. (1822-1884). Mendel tumbuh di lingkungan perkebunan sehingga dia memiliki ilmu pertanian. Lalu pada umur 21 tahun ia menjadi biarawan lalu mengikuti tes untuk menjadi guru tapi gagal. Dan Kemudian dia melanjutkan pendidikannya di Universitas Vienna. Disana dia bertemu ahli fisika ternama, Christian Doppler. Dan ahli botani ternama Franz Unger. Doppler mengajarkan bahwa sebagai seorang saintis harus gemar bereksperimen dan Franz Unger juga tertarik mengenai pewarisan sifat dan memberi Mendel sebuah tantangan untuk menerapkan ilmu matematika dalam biologi dan tantangan itupun dijawab oleh Mendel pada 1859.
Percobaan Mendel dan Hukum Pewarisan sifat.
Mendel dalam percobaannya menggunakan kacang ercis. Digunakan Kacang ercis karena dia memiliki sifat yang mudah diamati, Murah dan memiliki waktu generasi yang singkat. Tapi sebelum itu Mendel harus mencari bij yang benar-benar galur murni dengan cara Menyilangkan tumbuhan Homozigot dominan dengan sesamanya. Barulah Biji ini bisa digunakan secara efektif. Dalam percobaan pertamanya, Dia hanya melihat sifat-sifat yang jelas saja, Yaitu warna bunga, Letak bunga, warna biji, bentuk biji, bentuk polong, warna polong dan panjang batang. Caranya dia menyilangkan bunga putih dan bunga ungu dengan cara memotong benang sari bunga putih lalu menempelkan serbuk sari pada bunga putih. Lalu, buah polong yang dihasilkan ditanam. Hasilnya semua bunga berwarna ungu dan dibiarkan menyerbuk sendiri. Berikut rincian hasil percobaan Mendel.
Oleh Karena itu Ia mengemukakan Hukum Pewarisan Sifat yang biasa disebut Hukum Mendel. Hukum Mendel terbagi menjadi Hukum Mendel I dan II. Hukum Mendel I juga biasa disebut Hukum Segregasi. Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa dua alel untuk suatu Karakter terwariskan bersegregasi (terpisah) selama pembentukan gamet dan akhirnya berada pada gamet-gamet yang berbeda. Dan Hukum Mendel II biasa disebut Hukum Pemilahan bebas yang menyatakan bahwa setiap pasangan alel bersegregasi secara bebas terhadap pasangan alel-alel lain selama pembentukan gamet. Untuk memahami lebih dalam mengenai Hukum Mendel silahkan membaca Mengenai Pembelahan Sel.
Persilangan Monohibrid
Persilangan Monohibrid adalah suatu persilangan yang hanya mengamati 1 sifat. Contohnya Persilangan antara Tanaman mawar merah dan mawar putih.
Persilangan Dihibrid
Persilangan Dihibrid adalah suatu perilangan yang hanya mengamati 2 sifat. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Dihibrid.
Persilangan Polihibrid
Persilangan Polihibrid adalah persilangan dimana banyak sifat yang diamati. Berikut Contoh Polihibrid.
Test Cross (Uji silang)
Test Cross adalah persilangan antara individu dengan Genotip tidak diketahui dengan Individu dengan Genotip Homozigot Resesif. Berikut Contoh TestCross.
BackCross (Silang balik)
BackCross adalah persilangan antara Filial dengan Salah Satu Parentalnya. Manusia dilarang melakukan BackCross. Yang diperbolehkan adalah Hewan dan Tumbuhan. Berikut Contoh BackCross.
Persilangan Respirok
Persilangan Respirok adalah persilangan ulang dengan jenis kelamin berbeda. Tidak ada perbedaan antara persilangan biasa karena gen-gen nya tidak tertaut seks. Berikut contoh persilangan Respirok.
Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel
Pada Kenyataannya, banyak hasil persilangan yang fenotipenya tidak sesuai dengan Hukum Mendel. Tetapi bila diperhatikan angkanya merupakan variasi dari Fenotipe pada Hukum Mendel. Maka disebut Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel. Berikut Contoh Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel.
Dominasi tak Sempurna / Intermediet
Pada persilangan ini, Alel Domminan tidak menutupi alel resesif seluruhnya. akibatnya Individu yang heterozigot memiliki sifat setengah resesif. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Intermediet.
Atavisme adalah persilangan dimana munculnya suatu sifat dipengaruhi dari interaksi beberapa gen. Contoh Atavisme bisa dilihat pada jengger ayam. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Atavisme.
Kriptomeri
Kriptomeri adalah sifat gen dominan yang Tersembunyi, jika gen dominan tersebut berdiri sendiri. Namun, Jika gen dominan tersebut berinteraksi dengan gen dominan lainnya akan mncul sifat gen dominan yang sebelumnya tersembunyi dan diperoleh Perbandingan Fenotipe 9 : 3 : 4. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Kriptomeri.
Epistasis Dominan
Epistasis Dominan adalah persilangan dimana gen dengan Alel Dominan menutupi kerja gen lain dan memiliki perbandingan Fenotipe 12 : 3 : 1. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Epistasis Dominan.
Polimeri
Polimeri adalah bentuk interaksi gen yang bersifat kumulatif (saling menambah). Polimeri terjadi akibat interaksi antara 2 gen atau lebih. Sehingga biasa disebut sifat gen ganda. Berikut Contoh Persilangan Polimeri.
Komplementer
Komplementer adalah interaksi beberapa gen yang saling melengkapi. Interaksi tersebut dapat dinamakan juga epistasis gen resesif rangkap sebab jika salah satu gen bersifat homozigot resesif, pemunculan suatu karakter oleh gen lain menjadi tidak sempurna / terhalang. Perbandingan Fenotipenya adalah 9 : 7 Berikut adalah Contoh Persilangan Komplementer.
Sampai disini dulu Post Mengenai Genetika. Post berikutnya akan membahas lebih dalam mengenai Genetika. Jangan lupa juga untuk mengirim jawaban Biology Quiz 1 dan kirimkan jawabannya ke parawangsaa@yahoo.com dalam format .DOCX segera ! Terima Kasih !
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